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CCRMA (Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics), one of the major centers of computer music research and composition in the United States, was founded in 1975 at Stanford University, in Stanford, California, by John Chowning and Leland Smith. One of the significant accomplishments in software development was Chowning's formulation of frequency modulation as a synthesis algorithm, which was licensed to Yamaha and became the basic technology of a generation of Yamaha synthesizers.

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At the left: John Chowning in 1977. Photo by Joel Chadabe.

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