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In 1955, the Studio de Fonologia was established at the RAI (Radio Audizioni Italiane / Italian Radio Broadcasting) in Milan with Luciano Berio and Bruno Maderna as the artistic directors. Berio's first composition, finished in 1958, was Thema: Omaggio a Joyce (Theme: Homage to Joyce) in which Cathy Berberian's recitation of chapter eleven of James Joyce's Ulysses is transformed electronically.
Berio's techniques included multiple juxtapositions of voice sounds to create a choral effect, cutting and pasting individual syllables and letter sounds, changes in tape speed and pitch ... He said, "I attempted to establish a new relationship between speech and music, in which a discontinuous metamorphoses of one into the other can be developed."
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The photo at the left, by Joel Chadabe, shows Luciano berio at IRCAM in 1979.
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